If you’re living with a disability that prevents you from working, you’re likely wondering which Social Security disability program can provide the financial support you need. The Social Security Administration (SSA) offers two main disability programs: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). While both programs provide crucial assistance to people with disabilities, they have different eligibility requirements and benefits.
Understanding the differences between SSDI and SSI can feel overwhelming when you’re already dealing with health challenges. We will break down the key requirements for each program, help you determine which one you might qualify for, and guide you through the next steps in your application process. Many people are eligible for both programs, while others may only qualify for one. By the end of this guide, you’ll have a clearer picture of your options and feel more confident about moving forward with your disability benefits application.
Understanding the Basic Differences Between SSDI and SSI
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) is an earned benefit program based on your work history and Social Security contributions. Think of it as insurance you’ve paid into through payroll taxes during your working years. SSDI provides monthly payments to people who have worked long enough and recently enough to qualify, and who now have a qualifying disability.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI), on the other hand, is a needs-based program designed to help people with limited income and resources. SSI provides financial assistance to individuals who are disabled, blind, or aged 65 and older, regardless of their work history. This program focuses on your current financial situation rather than your past employment.
The key distinction is that SSDI eligibility depends on your work credits and contribution history, while SSI eligibility depends on your current financial need. Some people qualify for both programs simultaneously, receiving benefits from each.
SSDI Eligibility Requirements
Work History Requirements
To qualify for SSDI, you must have earned enough work credits through employment where you paid Social Security taxes. You need 40 work credits total, with 20 of those credits earned in the 10 years before your disability began. You earn up to four work credits per year based on your earnings.
The specific credit requirements vary slightly by age:
- If you become disabled before age 24, you need 6 credits in the 3 years before your disability
- If you become disabled between ages 24-31, you need credits for half the time between age 21 and when you became disabled
- If you become disabled at age 31 or older, you need the standard 40 credits with 20 earned in the last 10 years
Medical Criteria for SSDI
Your disability must meet the SSA’s strict definition: you must have a medical condition that prevents you from performing substantial gainful activity and is expected to last at least 12 months or result in death. The SSA maintains a list of qualifying conditions, but even if your condition isn’t listed, you may still qualify if it’s equally severe.
Your medical evidence must demonstrate that your condition significantly limits your ability to perform basic work activities such as walking, sitting, lifting, concentrating, or interacting with others.
Income Considerations for SSDI
While SSDI doesn’t have asset limits, there are income restrictions. In 2025, if you earn more than $1,470 per month ($2,460 if you’re blind), you’re generally considered to be performing substantial gainful activity and won’t qualify for benefits. However, the SSA doesn’t count certain types of income or work-related expenses.
SSI Eligibility Requirements
Financial Limits for SSI
SSI has strict income and asset limits that you must meet to qualify. For 2025, your countable resources cannot exceed $2,000 for individuals or $3,000 for couples. Resources include cash, bank accounts, stocks, and other items you own that could be converted to cash.
Not all resources count toward these limits. The SSA excludes:
- Your primary residence
- One vehicle
- Personal belongings and household goods
- Life insurance policies with face value under $1,500
- Burial funds up to $1,500
Income Limits for SSI
Your monthly income must also fall below certain thresholds. The SSA counts various types of income differently, including earned income from work, unearned income like other Social Security benefits, and in-kind support such as free food or shelter.
The income limits change annually, and the calculation can be complex because the SSA applies various exclusions and deductions. Generally, any income that puts you above the federal benefit rate for SSI will affect your eligibility.
Medical Requirements for SSI
SSI uses the same medical criteria as SSDI. You must have a qualifying disability that prevents substantial gainful activity and is expected to last at least 12 months or result in death. The medical evaluation process is identical for both programs.
Special Considerations and Exceptions
Concurrent Benefits (Receiving Both SSDI and SSI)
If your SSDI benefit amount is low, you might qualify for SSI to supplement your income. This happens when your SSDI payment plus any other income falls below the SSI federal benefit rate. The SSI payment will make up the difference, ensuring you receive at least the minimum SSI amount.
Adult Children with Disabilities
Adult children who became disabled before age 22 may qualify for SSDI based on a parent’s work record through the Disabled Adult Child (DAC) program. This allows them to receive benefits even without their own work history.
Widow(er)s with Disabilities
If you’re a widow or widower between ages 50-60 and become disabled, you might qualify for Disabled Widow(er)’s Benefits based on your deceased spouse’s work record.
Required Documentation for Your Application
Medical Documentation
Regardless of which program you apply for, you’ll need comprehensive medical evidence:
- Complete medical records from all treating physicians
- Hospital records and test results
- Mental health treatment records if applicable
- Medication lists and response to treatments
- Statements from healthcare providers about your functional limitations
Work History Documentation
For SSDI applications, gather:
- W-2 forms or tax returns for the past 15 years
- Pay stubs and employment records
- Details about job duties and physical requirements
- Information about why you stopped working
Financial Documentation for SSI
SSI applications require detailed financial information:
- Bank statements for all accounts
- Information about investments, property, or other assets
- Proof of income from all sources
- Details about living arrangements and household expenses
Timeline Expectations and Next Steps
Application Processing Time
Initial disability determinations typically take 3-5 months, though complex cases may take longer. The process involves multiple steps:
- Initial review of your application
- Medical evidence collection and review
- Consultative examination (if needed)
- Final disability determination
What Happens After You Apply
Once you submit your application, the SSA will:
- Send you a receipt confirming they received your application
- Contact your healthcare providers for medical records
- Possibly schedule a consultative examination
- Make an initial determination on your claim
If approved, SSDI benefits begin after a five-month waiting period from your disability onset date. SSI benefits can begin as early as the month after you apply.
If Your Initial Application Is Denied
Don’t be discouraged if your initial application is denied—this happens to about 70% of applicants. You have the right to appeal within 60 days of receiving your denial notice. The appeals process includes several levels: reconsideration, administrative law judge hearing, Appeals Council review, and federal court review.
Getting Help with Your Application
Free Resources Available
The SSA provides free assistance through:
- Local Social Security offices
- Telephone support at 1-800-772-1213
- Online resources at ssa.gov
- Community organizations and disability advocacy groups
When to Consider Professional Help
While you can apply for benefits on your own, you might benefit from professional assistance if:
- Your case involves complex medical conditions
- You’ve been denied and need to appeal
- You’re unsure about which program to apply for
- You need help gathering medical evidence
Important Note: Be cautious of companies that charge upfront fees for disability application assistance. Legitimate disability attorneys only get paid if you win your case, and their fees are regulated by the SSA.
Taking Your Next Steps
Determining your eligibility for SSDI or SSI is the first step toward getting the financial support you need. If you meet the work requirements for SSDI, start there, as the benefit amounts are often higher. If you don’t have sufficient work credits or have very limited income and resources, SSI may be your best option.
The application process requires patience and thorough preparation, but thousands of people successfully receive disability benefits each year. Begin gathering your medical and financial documentation now, and don’t hesitate to reach out to the SSA with questions about your specific situation.
For additional guidance on disability benefits, application tips, and resources in your area, visit DisabilityResources.org. You can also contact the Social Security Administration at 1-800-772-1213 or visit your local SSA office to discuss your eligibility and begin the application process.
Remember: applying for disability benefits is your right, and getting the support you need is an important step toward financial stability during a challenging time in your life.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal or financial advice. For specific guidance about your situation, consult with the Social Security Administration or a qualified disability attorney.